dubiumlabsChemistry

Chemistry

Tools that model chemical phenomena: from input data to results, with theory and visualizations included.

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DilutionsSolutions and equilibriaCalculate final volume or concentration using C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂Monoprotic TitrationSolutions and equilibriaSimulate acid-base titration curves for all 4 monoprotic types with real-time pH calculationAdvanced StoichiometryReactions and electrochemistryBalance molecular and ionic equations. Calculate limiting reagent, excesses and yields with interactive periodic tableRedox Equation Balancing by Half-ReactionsReactions and electrochemistryBalance net ionic equations for inorganic redox reactions by half-reactions in acidic or basic medium, with a step-by-step solutionInteractive Periodic TableStructure of matterExplore all 118 elements: visualize periodic trends and states with a simplified 1 atm model, and compare two elements side by sideAverage Atomic Mass and IsotopesStructure of matterCalculate the weighted average of an isotopic composition or determine the abundances of a two-isotope system.Ideal Gas and Van der WaalsChemical thermodynamics and kineticsCompute ideal and real gases (Van der Waals): equations of state, compressibility factor Z and P-V isothermsCommercial Solutions & ReagentsSolutions and equilibriaCompute molarity, molality, normality, % w/v and mole fraction from formula or molar mass, purity and density; prepare working solutionsBuffer Solutions (Henderson-Hasselbalch)Solutions and equilibriaAnalyze buffer equilibria or design solutions from scratch. Compute pH, buffer capacity (β), species fractions (α) and reagent masses with Henderson-Hasselbalch.Gibbs-Helmholtz: Gibbs energy and equilibriumChemical thermodynamics and kineticsCalculate standard Gibbs energy ΔG°, equilibrium constant K and inversion temperature with constant ΔH° and ΔS°. Includes temperature-dependent plots.Galvanic Cell (Nernst)Reactions and electrochemistryCompute the real cell potential (E_cell) of an electrochemical cell using the thermodynamically exact Nernst equation. Returns E°, K_eq, ΔG, ΔG°, Q, and maximum electrical work, with classic presets (Daniell, Ag/Cu, Mg/Cu, SHE) and an animated cell SVG.Arrhenius Equation and Activation EnergyChemical thermodynamics and kineticsCompute rate constant, activation energy, and pre-exponential factor with the Arrhenius equationIntegrated Rate Laws and Reaction OrderChemical thermodynamics and kineticsCalculate concentration, time, rate constant k and half-life with zero-, first- and second-order integrated rate laws. Compare reaction orders using experimental data.Colligative Properties: Ideal SolutionsSolutions and equilibriaCalculate boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure and vapor pressure lowering (Raoult & Antoine equation) for ideal dilute solutions with non-volatile solutes. Configurable Van't Hoff factorIonic Dissociation & Van't Hoff FactorSolutions and equilibriaRelates the degree of dissociation α, the number of ions ν, and the Van't Hoff factor i. Gets α from the weak-electrolyte equilibrium (Ka), a colligative measurement (ΔTf, ΔTb, Π), or as a given value, and estimates strong-electrolyte non-ideality with Debye-Hückel (γ±, osmotic coefficient φ and effective i)ICE Table: Chemical EquilibriumSolutions and equilibriaSolves the equilibrium of a reversible reaction aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD with the ICE-table method: computes the extent of reaction x, the equilibrium concentrations, the shift direction (Q vs K), the limiting-reactant conversion and the validity of the 5% approximation, in Kc or Kp modeSolubility Product (Ksp)Solutions and equilibriaCalculate the molar and mass solubility of a sparingly soluble salt with an ideal ionic model; compare Qsp with Ksp, solve equilibrium dissolution or precipitation with common ions or by mixing two solutions, account for absent, finite or excess solid, and infer Ksp from solubility or equilibrium concentrationsUV-Vis Spectrophotometry (Beer–Lambert)Analytical chemistryRelate absorbance and transmittance to concentration, optical path, and absorption coefficient; quantify a sample with a linear calibration curve and residual diagnostics.